@inproceedings{oai:kokubunken.repo.nii.ac.jp:00002011,
 author = {プルチョウ, ヘルベルト and PLUTSCHOW, Herbert},
 book = {国際日本文学研究集会会議録, PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON JAPANESE LITERATURE},
 issue = {2},
 month = {Feb},
 note = {pdf, According to the travel and travel-related love poems of the Manyōshū, the ancient Japanese distinguished between two types of space: chaos and cosmos ara and nigi. These spacial qualities are a direct reflection of a religious dualism which distinguished between chaotic and cosmic deities （arabugami and nigikami). They are also immediately related to man himself who potentially assumes in his personality the characteristics of the space that surrounds him. Whereas the ontological integrity of man depends on cosmos, it faces the danger of a potential disintegration in chaos. Hence the necessity to transform into a cosmos all chaotic territory where man plans to settle or to temporarily move through.
It follows that the religious, spacial and ontological dualism of nigi and ara also applies to rest or home and to movement or travel. Home means ontologically “to be”， travel means “not to be”. In his cosmos, man is likely to observe the laws and rules of society and civilization , whereas in chaos he is likely to become “morally depraved“ and to forget all about “home and family”.
In this respect, travel away from home was a highly undesirable and potentially dangerous undertaking, carried out, when unavoidable, only under strict observation of religious rituals and taboos. These rituals and taboos were observed by the traveler himself and, at the same time, by his relatives at home. These rituals aimed somewhat less at the physical than at the spiritual well-being of the traveler. Travelers and his relatives often observed these rituals by composing poetry, or accompanied their rituals with the composition of poetry. This fact accounts, I believe, for the relatively large proportion which travel and travelrelated poems occupy in the Manyōshū.
Manyōshū travel poems often make direct references to the religious rituals and taboos which constituted the occasion for their composition. Also most poems by the travelers were composed at specific geographical locations where the ritual was required. Such places were: rivers, mountain passes, forests, capes, islands, lakes, and ponds, etc.
It is the purpose of this presentation to analyze a number of representative travel poems of the Manyōshū in view of the religio-spacial and ontological dualism of ara and nigi and in reference to the places where these poems were composed at. This approach contributes to a better understanding of Manyōshū travel poems. This approach also throws light into the problem of the origin of the utamakura or famous place in Japanese poetry and into a number of often encountered themes of travel in classical Japanese literature.},
 pages = {23--32},
 publisher = {国文学研究資料館},
 title = {研究発表　古代信仰から見た万葉集の羇旅歌},
 year = {1979},
 yomi = {プルチョウ, ヘルベルト}
}