@inproceedings{oai:kokubunken.repo.nii.ac.jp:00002132,
 author = {谷, 学謙 and GU, Xue Qien},
 book = {国際日本文学研究集会会議録, PROCEEDINGS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON JAPANESE LITERATURE},
 issue = {12},
 month = {Mar},
 note = {pdf, In the present paper, the term manazashi is used in a broad sense including not only expressions of the eyes, or ways of regarding something, but the thinking behind the use of such expressions, as well. It is apparent to the reader of his fictive works that Ogai is careful in the description of the manazashi of his characters. The author of a Japanese study on the functions of manazashi in social relations states that Japanese people tend to be sensitive to the line of vision and to avoid eye contact. The characters of Ogai's novels, however, look steadily, or directly, staring and sometimes glaring at others or at each other , and thus evidently represent highly individualized persons. This is the characteristic of manazashi in Ogai, viewed from the exterior.
The thinking implicit behind Ogai's use of manazashi falls into two categories: that of the gaze which comprehends social life, and that of the gaze which imagines distant places, follows dreams or is introspective. Examples of the former category : the gaze of Toyotaro, the hero of Maihime, when he first comes into contact with western civilization; Toyotaro's gaze when he awakens to his "true self" and to the beauty of Elise and his love; the all-comperhending gaze of Koizumi Jun'ichi, hero of Seinen, etc.
Examples of the latter: the introspection of Jun'ichi in his diary, and his view of the future and present, or the cold eye of Hanafusa in Kazuisuchika.
Another form of manazashi in Ogai is that of the author himself intervening in his historical narratives to describe the process and results of his research, his expectations and rewards.
Ogai seems to have been satisfied that he had discovered an ideal model for human existence and perfected a new creative genre in the historical biography. Still, he continues to pursue dreams and phantasies.},
 pages = {52--66},
 publisher = {国文学研究資料館},
 title = {研究発表　鷗外文学における眼差し},
 year = {1989},
 yomi = {ゲ, シェチェン}
}